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Family Christmas Traditions a Celebration of Art and Stories

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Christian holiday

Twelfth Night
Twelfth001.jpg

Mervyn Clitheroe'due south Twelfth Night party,
by "Phiz"
Also chosen Epiphany Eve
Observed by Christians
Blazon Christian
Significance evening prior to Epiphany
Observances
  • Singing Christmas carols
  • chalking the door
  • merrymaking
  • having one's house blest
  • attending church services
Engagement 5 or 6 January
Frequency annual
Related to
  • Twelve Days of Christmas
  • Christmastide
  • Epiphany
  • Epiphanytide

Twelfth Nighttime (besides known as Epiphany Eve) is a Christian festival on the final night of the Twelve Days of Christmas, marker the coming of the Epiphany.[1] Different traditions mark the engagement of Twelfth Night as either 5 January or half-dozen January, depending on whether the counting begins on Christmas Day or 26 December.[2] [3]

A superstition in some English language-speaking countries suggests information technology unlucky to leave Christmas decorations hanging after Twelfth Dark, a tradition also variously attached to the festivals of Candlemas (2 February), Good Friday, Shrove Tuesday, and Septuagesima.[iv] Other popular customs include eating king block, singing Christmas carols, chalking the door, having one's house blessed, merrymaking, and attending church building services.[5] [half-dozen]

Engagement [edit]

In many Western ecclesiastical traditions, Christmas Solar day is considered the "Commencement Day of Christmas" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – v January, inclusive, making 12th Night on 5 Jan, which is Epiphany Eve.[i] In some community, the Twelve Days of Christmas are counted from sundown on the evening of 25 Dec until the morning of 6 January, pregnant that the Twelfth Night falls on the evening v January and the 12th Mean solar day falls on 6 January. However, in some church traditions only total days are counted, so that 5 January is counted equally the Eleventh Mean solar day, six January equally the Twelfth Day, and the evening of 6 January is counted as the Twelfth Night.[7] In these traditions, Twelfth Nighttime is the aforementioned every bit Epiphany.[viii] Even so, some such as the Church of England consider Twelfth Night to exist the eve of the Twelfth Day (in the same way that Christmas Eve comes before Christmas), and thus consider Twelfth Dark to be on 5 January [9] The difficulty may come from the use of the words "eve" which is defined as "the day or evening before an event", however, specially in antiquated usage could be used to but hateful "evening".[x]

Bruce Forbes writes:

In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire flow between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered office of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called Christmastide. On the concluding of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures adult a broad range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the effect of how to count the days. If Christmas Twenty-four hour period is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Dark would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, so Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself.[11]

The Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, celebrates Twelfth Night on the 5th and "refers to the night before Epiphany, the day when the nativity story tells united states that the wise men visited the baby Jesus".[12] [13] [fourteen]

Origins and history [edit]

Wassailing apple trees on the twelfth night to ensure a good harvest, a tradition in Maplehurst, Due west Sussex

A Castilian Roscón de reyes, or Kings' ring. This size, approx. 50 cm (xx in) bore, usually serves 8 people. This pastry is just one of the many types baked around the world for celebrations during the Twelve Days of Christmas and Twelfth Night.

In 567, the Quango of Tours "proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in training for the feast."[xv] [16] [17] [xviii] Christopher Hill, as well as William J. Federer, states that this was washed to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire equally it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east."[19] [20]

In medieval and Tudor England, Candlemas traditionally marked the end of the Christmas flavor,[21] [22] although later, Twelfth Night came to signal the finish of Christmastide, with a new but related season of Epiphanytide running until Candlemas.[23] A pop 12th Night tradition was to have a bean and pea hidden inside a Twelfth-night cake; the "man who finds the bean in his piece of cake becomes King for the night while the lady who finds a pea in her slice of block becomes Queen for the nighttime."[24] Post-obit this selection, Twelfth Dark parties would go on and would include the singing of Christmas carols, besides as feasting.[24]

Traditions [edit]

Food and drink are the centre of the celebrations in modernistic times. All of the virtually traditional ones become dorsum many centuries. The punch called wassail is consumed especially on 12th Night and throughout Christmas time, particularly in the United kingdom, and door-to-door wassailing (similar to singing Christmas carols) was common upwards until the 1950s.[25] Effectually the world, special pastries, such every bit the tortell and king cake, are baked on Twelfth Night, and eaten the following day for the Banquet of the Epiphany celebrations. In English and French custom, the 12th-block was baked to incorporate a edible bean and a pea so that those who received the slices containing them should be respectively designated rex and queen of the night's festivities.[26]

In parts of Kent, there is a tradition that an edible decoration would exist the last part of Christmas to exist removed in the Twelfth Nighttime and shared amongst the family unit.[27]

The Theatre Purple, Drury Lane in London has had a tradition since 1795 of providing a Twelfth Night cake. The will of Robert Baddeley made a heritance of £100 to provide cake and punch every year for the company in residence at the theatre on 6 January. The tradition continues.[28]

In Ireland, information technology is still the tradition to place the statues of the Three Kings in the crib on the 12th Night or, at the latest, the following twenty-four hours, Little Christmas.[ citation needed ]

In colonial America, a Christmas wreath was always left up on the front door of each dwelling house. When taken down at the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas, any edible portions would be consumed with the other foods of the feast. The same held true in the 19th–20th centuries with fruits adorning Christmas trees. Fresh fruits were hard to come by and were therefore considered fine and proper gifts and decorations for the tree, wreaths, and home. Again, the tree would exist taken downward on the Twelfth Night, and such fruits, along with nuts and other local produce used, would then be consumed.[ citation needed ]

Modern American Carnival traditions are seen in New Orleans. In the mid-twentieth century, friends gathered for weekly king cake parties. Whoever got the slice with the "king", commonly in the form of a miniature baby doll (symbolic of the Christ Child, "Christ the King"), hosted the next calendar week's party. Traditionally, this was a bean for the king and a pea for the queen.[29] Parties centred effectually male monarch cakes are no longer common and male monarch cake today is usually brought to the workplace or served at parties, the recipient of the plastic baby beingness obligated to bring the next king cake to the next office. In some countries, Twelfth Night and Epiphany marker the kickoff of the Funfair season, which lasts through Mardi Gras Mean solar day.[ citation needed ]

In Espana, Twelfth Night is called Cabalgata de Reyes ("Parade of Kings"), and historically the "kings" would go through towns and hand out sweets.[25]

In French republic, Gateau des Rois ("Kings' Cakes") are eaten all calendar month long. The cakes vary depending on the region; in northern France, information technology is called a galette and is filled with frangipane, fruit, or chocolate. In the due south, information technology is more of a brioche with candied fruit.[25]

Suppression [edit]

Twelfth Night in holland became so secularised, rowdy, and boisterous that public celebrations were banned from the church.[30]

Old Twelfth Night [edit]

In some places, especially South Due west England, Old Twelfth Night is still celebrated on 17 Jan.[31] [32] This continues the custom of the Apple Wassail on the appointment that corresponded to vi January on the Julian calendar at the time of the alter in calendars enacted past the Calendar Human activity of 1750.[33]

In literature [edit]

Information technology is unknown whether Shakespeare'southward play Twelfth Night, or What You Will was written to be performed every bit a 12th Night entertainment, since in that location is no tape of the circumstances of its composition.[34] The earliest known performance took identify at Middle Temple Hall, one of the Inns of Court, on Candlemas night, 2 February 1602.[35] The play has many elements that are reversed, in the tradition of Twelfth Dark, such as a woman Viola dressing every bit a man, and a servant Malvolio imagining that he can become a nobleman.[ citation needed ]

Ben Jonson's The Masque of Blackness was performed on half dozen January 1605 at the Banqueting House in Whitehall. It was originally entitled The Twelfth Nights Revells. The accompanying Masque, The Masque of Beauty was performed in the same court the Sunday nighttime afterward the 12th Night in 1608.[36]

Robert Herrick'south verse form Twelfth-Night, or Male monarch and Queene, published in 1648, describes the election of rex and queen by bean and pea in a plum cake, and the homage done to them by the draining of wassail bowls of "lamb's-wool", a drink of saccharide, nutmeg, ginger, and ale.[37]

Charles Dickens' 1843 A Christmas Ballad briefly mentions Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Present visiting a children's 12th Night party.[ citation needed ]

In chapter 6 of Harrison Ainsworth'south 1858 novel Mervyn Clitheroe, the eponymous hero is elected King of festivities at the Twelfth Night celebrations held in Tom Shakeshaft'due south barn by receiving the slice of plum cake containing the bean; his companion Cissy obtains the pea and becomes queen, and they are seated together in a high corner to view the proceedings. The distribution has been rigged to prevent another person from gaining the function. The festivities include country dances, the introduction of a "Fool Plough", a plough decked with ribands brought into the barn past a dozen mummers together with a grotesque "One-time Bessie" (played by a homo), and a Fool dressed in animal skins with a fool'due south hat. The mummers carry wooden swords and perform revelries. The scene in the novel is illustrated by Hablot Knight Browne ("Phiz"). In the course of the evening, the fool's antics cause a fight to pause out, only Mervyn restores order. Three bowls of gin punch are disposed of. At 11 o'clock, the immature men make the necessary arrangements to see the young ladies safely home beyond the fields.[38]

The Expressionless—the final, novella-length story in James Joyce'southward 1914 collection Dubliners—opens on Twelfth Night, or Epiphany Eve, and extends into the early morning hours of Epiphany itself. Critics and writers consider the story "merely about the finest short story in the English language"[39] and "one of the greatest short stories always written".[forty] Its adaptations include a play, a Broadway musical, and ii films. The story begins at the humming and sumptuous annual trip the light fantastic hosted by Kate Morkan and Julia Morkan, aunts to Gabriel Conroy, the primary character. Throughout the festivities, a series of minor obligations and awkward encounters leaves Gabriel with a sense of unease, inducing cocky-doubt, or at least dubiety in the person he presents himself as. This unease sharpens during a dinner oral communication in which Gabriel grandiosely ponders whether because "...we are living in a skeptical and, if I may use the phrase, a idea-tormented age", the generation currently coming of historic period in Ireland will begin to "lack those qualities of humanity, of hospitality, of kindly sense of humour which belonged to an older day." High spirits and singing soon resume. Gabriel and his wife Gretta depart for their hotel in the early morning time hours. This destination for Gabriel kindles both erotic possibility and deep love. All the same, at the hotel, Gretta, moved by a song they had only heard sung at the party, offers a tearful, long-withheld revelation that momentarily shatters Gabriel'due south feelings of warmth, leaving him shaken and bewildered. After Gretta drifts off to sleep, Gabriel, still rapt in the emotional wake of her revelation, gazes out the window at the falling snowfall and experiences a profound and unifying epiphany, one that reconciles the fears, doubts, and façades that had haunted him throughout the evening and, he seems to recognise, throughout his life to that bespeak.[41]

See also [edit]

  • Christmas Eve
  • Pantomime
  • Theophany

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Hatch, Jane K. (1978). The American Book of Days . Wilson. ISBN9780824205935. January fifth: Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve. 12th Night, the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas, has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Center Ages.
  2. ^ "Epiphany: Should Christmas decorations come up downwardly on half dozen January?". BBC News. vi January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  3. ^ Carter, Michael. "Why it is time for an epiphany over Christmas decorations". The Tablet . Retrieved 9 Jan 2021.
  4. ^ William Alexander Barrett (1868). Flowers and Festivals, Or, Directions for the Floral Decoration of Churches. Rivingtons. pp. 170–174.
  5. ^ Mangan, Louise; Wyse, Nancy; Farr, Lori (2001). Rediscovering the Seasons of the Christian Twelvemonth. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. p. 69. ISBN9781551454986. Epiphany is often heralded by "Twelfth Dark" celebrations (12 days after Christmas), on the evening earlier the Feast of Epiphany. Some Christian communities prepare Twelfth Night festivities with drama, singing, rituals - and food! ... Sometimes several congregations walk in lines from church building to church, conveying candles to symbolize the light of Christ shining and spreading. Other religion communities move from business firm to house, blessing each home every bit they search for the Christ child.
  6. ^ Pennick, Nigel (21 May 2015). Infidel Magic of the Northern Tradition: Customs, Rites, and Ceremonies. Inner Traditions – Comport & Visitor. p. 176. ISBN9781620553909. On 12th Dark in High german-speaking countries, the Sternsinger ("star singers") go around to houses conveying a paper or wooden star on a pole. They sing an Epiphany carol, then one of them writes in chalk over the door a formula consisting of the initials of the Three Wise Men in the Nascence story, Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, with crosses between them and the year engagement on either side; for example: twenty +Thousand+B 15. This is said to protect the house and its inhabitants until the side by side Epiphany.
  7. ^ Bratcher, Dennis. "The Season of Epiphany". The Voice. Christian Resource Institute. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  8. ^ Van Wagenberg-Ter Hoeven, Anke A. (1993). "The Celebration of Twelfth Dark in Netherlandish Art". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 22 (1/2): 65–96. doi:x.2307/3780806. JSTOR 3780806.
  9. ^ "Epiphany". Christ Lutheran Church of Staunton, Virginia . Retrieved iv January 2019.
  10. ^ "eve noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced American Lexicon at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com . Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  11. ^ Forbes, Bruce (2008). Christmas: A Candid History. Academy of California Press. p. 27. ISBN9780520258020.
  12. ^ Beckford, Martin (6 January 2009). "Christmas ends in confusion over when Twelfth Night falls". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on v January 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  13. ^ "Twelve days of Christmas". Full Homely Divinity. Retrieved ii January 2015. We adopt, like practiced Anglicans, to go with the logic of the liturgy and regard January 5th every bit the Twelfth Mean solar day of Christmas and the night that ends that twenty-four hours equally 12th Dark. That does make 12th Nighttime the Eve of the Epiphany, which means that, liturgically, a new feast has already begun.
  14. ^ Shorter Oxford English Lexicon. 1993. ...the evening of the 5th of January, preceding Twelfth Solar day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.
  15. ^ Fr. Francis Ten. Weiser. "Feast of the Nativity". Cosmic Culture. The Quango of Tours (567) proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in grooming for the feast. The Council of Braga (563) forbade fasting on Christmas Twenty-four hours.
  16. ^ Fox, Adam (nineteen December 2003). "'Tis the flavor". The Guardian . Retrieved 25 December 2014. Around the year 400 the feasts of St Stephen, John the Evangelist and the Holy Innocents were added on succeeding days, and in 567 the Council of Tours ratified the enduring 12-day cycle between the nativity and the epiphany.
  17. ^ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar . Liturgy Training Publications. p. 8. ISBN9781568540115. In the year 567 the church quango of Tours called the 13 days betwixt December 25 and January vi a festival season. |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm |title=Christmas |concluding=Martindale |first=Cyril Charles |year=1908 |website=The Cosmic Encyclopedia |publisher=New Advent |admission-engagement=15 December 2014 |quote=The Second Council of Tours (tin. eleven, xvii) proclaims, in 566 or 567, the sanctity of the "twelve days" from Christmas to Epiphany, and the duty of Appearance fast; …and that of Braga (563) forbids fasting on Christmas 24-hour interval. Pop merry-making, however, so increased that the "Laws of King Cnut", made c. 1110, lodge a fast from Christmas to Epiphany.}}
  18. ^ Bunson, Matthew (21 Oct 2007). "Origins of Christmas and Easter holidays". Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN). Retrieved 17 December 2014. The Council of Tours (567) decreed the 12 days from Christmas to Epiphany to be sacred and especially joyous, thus setting the stage for the celebration of the Lord's nascence...
  19. ^ Loma, Christopher (2003). Holidays and Holy Nights: Jubilant Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Twelvemonth. Quest Books. p. 91. ISBN9780835608107. This organisation became an administrative problem for the Roman Empire as information technology tried to coordinate the solar Julian agenda with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east. While the Romans could roughly match the months in the two systems, the four central points of the solar year—the two equinoxes and solstices—withal roughshod on different dates. By the fourth dimension of the first century, the agenda date of the winter solstice in Egypt and Palestine was eleven to twelve days subsequently than the date in Italy. As a result, the Incarnation came to be celebrated on different days in dissimilar parts of the Empire. The Western Church, in its desire to be universal, eventually took them both—one became Christmas, one Epiphany—with a resulting twelve days in between. Over fourth dimension this hiatus became invested with specific Christian pregnant. The Church gradually filled these days with saints, some connected to the birth narratives in Gospels (Holy Innocents' Day, December 28, in honour of the infants slaughtered by Herod; St. John the Evangelist, "the Dearest", December 27; St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr, December 26; the Holy Family unit, December 31; the Virgin Mary, January i). In 567, the Council of Tours alleged the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany to get one unified festal cycle. |url=http://www.americanminute.com/alphabetize.php? |title=On the 12th Day of Christmas |last=Federer |first=William J. |date=half-dozen January 2014 |publisher=American Minute |access-date=25 December 2014 |quote=In 567 AD, the Council of Tours concluded a dispute. Western Europe celebrated Christmas, December 25, as the holiest day of the season... but Eastern Europe celebrated Epiphany, January 6, recalling the Wise Men's visit and Jesus' baptism. It could not exist decided which solar day was holier, so the Council fabricated all 12 days from December 25 to January 6 "holy days" or "holidays," These became known equally "The Twelve Days of Christmas."}}
  20. ^ Kirk Cameron, William Federer (half-dozen November 2014). Praise the Lord. Trinity Dissemination Network. Result occurs at 01:15:14. Retrieved 25 December 2014. Western Europe historic Christmas Dec 25 as the holiest day. Eastern Europe celebrated January 6 the Epiphany, the visit of the Wise Men, every bit the holiest mean solar day... and so they had this council and they decided to make all twelve days from December 25 to January six the Twelve Days of Christmas.
  21. ^ "Leave YOUR CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS UP UNTIL FEBRUARY, SAYS English language HERITAGE"
  22. ^ Miles, Clement A.. Christmas Customs and Traditions: Their History and Significance. Courier Dover Publications, 1976. ISBN 0-486-23354-5. Robert Herrick (1591–1674) in his poem "Anniversary upon Candlemas Eve" writes:
    "Down with the rosemary, and then
    Downwards with the bays and mistletoe;
    Downwards with the holly, ivy, all,
    Wherewith ye apparel'd the Christmas Hall"
    According to the Pelican Shakespeare album, Information technology was written for a private performance for Elizabeth I in 1601.
    As Herrick's poem records, the eve of Candlemas (the day before 2 February) was the day on which Christmas decorations of greenery were removed from people's homes; for any traces of berries, holly and and then along will bring death among the congregation before another year is out.
  23. ^ Davidson, Clifford (5 December 2016). Festivals and Plays in Late Medieval Britain. Taylor & Francis. p. 32. ISBN9781351936613. Playing seems to take continued after Twelfth Dark, in the Epiphany season leading up to Candlemas on Feb two, which sometimes was regarded as the final twenty-four hours of the Christmas flavour. We know that these weeks were an extension of the festive Christmas catamenia.
  24. ^ a b Macclain, Alexia (4 January 2013). "Twelfth Night Traditions: A Block, a Bean, and a King –". Smithsonian Libraries. Retrieved 5 January 2017. And what happens at a Twelfth Nighttime party? According to the 1923 Dennison'south Christmas Volume, "there should be a King and a Queen, called past cutting a cake..." The Twelfth Nighttime Cake has a bean and a pea baked into it. The human who finds the edible bean in his piece of cake becomes King for the dark while the lady who finds a pea in her slice of block becomes Queen for the night. The new King and Queen sit on a throne and "paper crowns, a scepter and, if possible, full regalia are given them." The party continues with games such as charades as well as eating, dancing, and singing carols. For large Twelfth Nighttime celebrations, a costume party is suggested.
  25. ^ a b c Derry, Johanna (iv January 2016). "Let's bring back the glorious nutrient traditions of Twelfth Night (largely, lots of block)". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  26. ^ Miles & John, Hadfield (1961). The Twelve Days of Christmas. London: Cassell & Company. p. 166.
  27. ^ Mark Esdale. "Primary Folio @ Span Farmers' Marketplace".
  28. ^ "The Baddeley Cake". Drury Lane Theatrical Fund. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  29. ^ MacClain, Alexia (4 January 2013). "Twelfth Night Traditions: A Block, a Bean, and a King – Smithsonian Libraries Unbound". Unbound. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 4 Jan 2019.
  30. ^ Hoeven, Anke A. van Wagenberg-ter (1993). "The Commemoration of 12th Night in Netherlandish Fine art". Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art. 22 (1/2): 67. doi:10.2307/3780806. JSTOR 3780806.
  31. ^ Iain Hollingshead, Whatsoever happened to ... wassailing?, The Guardian, 23 December 2005. Retrieved 23 May 2014
  32. ^ Xanthe Clay, Traditional cider: Here we come a-wassailing!, The Telegraph, iii February 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2014
  33. ^ Nick Easen, Wassailing the sometime English apple tree, BBC Travel, 16 January 2012
  34. ^ White, R.S. (2014). "The Disquisitional Backstory" in Twelfth Night: A Disquisitional Reader ed. Findlay and Oakley-Dark-brown. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 27–28. ISBN9781441128782.
  35. ^ Shakespeare, William; Smith, Bruce R. (2001). Twelfth Nighttime: Texts and Contexts. Boston: Bedford/St Martin'due south. p. 2. ISBN0-312-20219-ix.
  36. ^ Herford, C. H. (1941). Percy Simpson; Evelyn Simpson (eds.). Ben Jonson. Vol. VII. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 169–201.
  37. ^ Herrick, Robert (1825). The Poetical Works of Robert Herrick. W. Pickering. p. 171.
  38. ^ Ainsworth, William Harrison (1858). Mervyn Clitheroe. M. Routledge & Company. pp. 41–55.
  39. ^ Barry, Dan (26 June 2014). "Singular Drove, Multiple Mysteries". The New York Times . Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  40. ^ "An Exploration of 'The Dead'". Joyce's Dublin. UCD Humanities Institute. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  41. ^ Joyce, James. "Dubliners".

Further reading [edit]

  • "Christmas". Cosmic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 22 December 2005. Primarily subhead Popular Merrymaking nether Liturgy and Custom.
  • Christmas Trivia edited by Jennie Miller Helderman, Mary Caulkins. Gramercy, 2002
  • Marix-Evans, Martin. The Twelve Days of Christmas. Peter Pauper Press, 2002
  • Bowler, Gerry. The World Encyclopedia of Christmas. McClelland & Stewart, 2004
  • Collins, Ace. Stories Backside the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan, 2003
  • Wells, Robin Headlam. Shakespeare's Humanism. Cambridge University Press, 2006
  • Fosbrooke, Thomas Dudley c. 1810, Encyclopaedia of Antiquities (Publisher unknown)
  • J. Brand, 1813, Pop Antiquities, 2 Vols (London)
  • Westward. Strop, 1830, The Every-Day Volume 3 Vols (London), cf Vol I pp 41–61.

Early English language sources [edit]

(fatigued from Hone's Every-Day Volume, references every bit found):

  • Phonation Graculi, 4to, 1623: vi January, Masking in the Strand, Cheapside, Holbourne, or Armada-street (London), and eating spice-staff of life.
  • The Popish Kingdom, 'Naogeorgus': Baking of the 12th-block with a penny in it, the slices distributed to members of the household to give to the poor: whoever finds the penny is proclaimed king among them.
  • Nichols, Queen Elizabeth's Progresses: An entertainment at Sudley, temp. Elizabeth I, including Melibaeus, male monarch of the bean, and Nisa, queen of the pea.
  • Pinkerton, Ancient Scottish Poems: Alphabetic character from Sir Thomas Randolph to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester dated 15 January 1563, mentioning that Lady Flemyng was Queen of the Beene on Twelfth-Day that year.
  • Ben Jonson, Christmas, His Masque (1616, published 1641): A character 'Baby-block' is attended by an usher carrying a great cake with a beane and a pease.
  • Samuel Pepys, Diaries (1659/60): Epiphany Eve political party, selecting of King and Queen by a cake (come across King cake).

External links [edit]

  • Epiphany on Cosmic Encyclopedia
  • The Twelve Days of Christmas at The Christian Resource Institute
  • William Shakespeare'southward Twelfth Nighttime

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)

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